As I was driving on the rainy day you see below, it got me to wonder how rain-sensing wipers work. A little research showed it starts with a light-emitting diode (LED) located between the windshield and the rearview mirror. When the windshield is dry, most of the infrared light is reflected back to a light detector (photodiode) within the sensor. When raindrops land on the glass, they disrupt this reflection. The water droplets scatter the infrared light, reducing the amount reflected back to the sensor. Pretty slick.
More information can be found at the link below.
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