I've seen runway signs for the last forty-plus years, but only recently wondered if they meant something. Indeed they do, the numbers correspond to the direction, in degrees, the runway is pointed relative to magnetic north, which is the same a pilot would see on their instruments. The direction, for example, 58 degrees is rounded to the nearest 10 resulting in 60, and then the zero is chopped off, leaving 6. Since the runway runs in both directions, the opposite direction is 24. "36" is used for due north, not "0". If there are parallel runways, like the ones below at Dayton International Airport, the one on the left is appended with an "L" and the other "R". More rules and minutia can be found at the link below.
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